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Georgia - State of Eurasia, the Caucasus, the Black Sea coast. It is bordered to the north by Russia, to the south of Turkey and Armenia, and to the south - east by Azerbaijan. Transcontinental country located at the crossroads of Southeast Europe and western Asia, but sotsiopolitikurad and culturally part of Europe.
The territory had been continuously inhabited since the early Stone Age. The era of classical antiquity flourished in the early Georgian states of Colchis and Iberia, which date back to the Georgian culture and statehood II unfounded Margaliti TOP.GE. Christianity early III century, the country became united monarchy in 1008. However, after some period of revival and fall of the XVI century passed before it would break up into several small political unit. Georgian territories of Imperial Russia - 1801-1866 he was a part of the conquered. After the Russian revolution of independence - the Democratic Republic of the (1918-21) became a victim of the Bolsheviks and became part of the Soviet Union since 1922.
Independence was gained in 1991. After a period of civil war and chaos caused by the severe economic crisis in the country was relatively stable in 1990 - the end of the decade. In 2003, Rose (bloodless) revolution came to power in a new, pro-Western, reformist government. However the allocation of new membership and return to dramatically worsen relations with Russia. In parallel with the rapid economic development of the country made it an important center for Eurasian energy projects.
Georgia is a representative democracy, organized as a unitary, semi - presidential republic. The country is currently a member of several international organizations, including the United Nations, the Council of Europe, GUAM, the World Trade Organization and the Black Sea Economic Cooperation. Georgia also aspires to join NATO and the European Union integration.
Georgia is on the crossroads of Asia, in particular, is located in the Caucasus. To the west it is bordered by the Black Sea, to the north - the Russian Federation, South - east - Azerbaijan to the south - Armenia and Turkey.
Georgia is one of the oldest transportation lies at a crossroads, connecting and linking the North and South, West and aghmoasvletis countries. We were traversing Europe - Asia transport highway - the old Silk Road.
Georgia's Black Sea with the Black Sea countries, while bosporisa and Dardanelles straits - the Mediterranean Sea, the Straits of Gibraltar to the rest of the world, via the Danube River - Eastern and Central European countries.
Georgia ch.g. 41o071 and 43o351 and AG 40o041 and 46o441-between is located.
Physical - geographic location [Edit]
Geotektonikuri in terms of alpine - himalauri danaochebis an extensive belt of central location and role. It starts from the Atlantic coast and the Mediterranean and Black Seas, near the mountainous parts of Asia and the Himalayas Mtianeti front.
It is known that the sub-tropical and temperate climatic belt between sazvari along the main watershed of the Caucasus mountain range, which is why Georgia is located in the extreme northern part of the subtropical climate zone.
Georgia has a subtropical climate zone has been established in almost every type of climate - subtropical wet, moderately wet, moderately dry and dry - Continental. This sub-tropical and temperate climate due to its location on the edge sartlebis, as well as natural barriers - and the southern Caucasus Mountains and the Black Sea is influenced by arsebobita.
Economic - geographical location [Edit]
Economic - geographical point of view, Georgia is located at the junction of Europe and Asia, and always from the connecting bridge in the western and eastern civilizations, seaside location is a great advantage in other states in the South Caucasus (Azerbaijan and Armenia) comparison.
Georgia's location between Europe and Asia, there are several considerations:
A) If the boundary between Europe and Asia quma - manichis ghruml to pursue, then Georgia is located in Asia.
B) BC. Called living in the 5th century Greek historian and geographer Herodotus rivers on the border between Europe and Asia - Rioni and Kura wore. In view of the falls in Europe, part of the - Asia
C) If the boundary between Europe and Asia, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan pursue state borders (Turkey and Iran), then Georgia and the entire Caucasus and Europe meet.
D) as in the Caucasus, a European-style landscapes dominated by (the nature of nature like evrobis), Georgia is in Europe.
E) the history, traditions and religion of Georgia in Europe belongs.
F) If the boundaries of the watershed and climatic characteristics of the main ridge of the Caucasus pursue, then Georgia in Asia in the fall.
Ministry of Transport - in a very favorable geographic location. Transport in the Soviet Union during the "dead-end" of the world's countries with only occur via Moscow. After independence, the country has acquired a new function in the transport crossroad.
The county's total area is 69.700 sq. m. Km - the border length - 1771 km - the U.S., including land - 1,461 km (164 by Armenia, Azerbaijan and 322, Russia 723, Turkey 252) and the sea - 310 km.
Nature: The area of ​​mountains occupies, nature is diverse - subtropics from the Caucasus glaciers, the highest peak is Mount Shkhara 5,068 m, udablesi point - the Black Sea (0 m); agricultural - agricultural land - 16%, pastures - 25%, forests - 34%. The main rivers Kura and Rioni.
Natural resources: forests, hydropower, manganese, iron ore, copper, minor coal and oil reserves, mountains and other climatic resorts.
Fuel
Oil - Samgori Patardzeuli, Tbilisi environs, Supsa
Coal - Tkibuli, Tkvarcheli
Muranakhshiri - Akhaltsikhe
Peat - Colchis lowland, Poti
Metals
Steel - Kvemo Kartli (Rustavi)
Manganese - Chiatura
Copper - Bolnisi
Lead-zinc - Bolnisi
Lead-zinc-barite - Bolnisi
Arsenic - Svaneti, Racha
Silver Water - Racha, Abkhazia
And other building materials
Cement material - Kaspi
Gypsum - Samegrelo, Akhaltsikhe
Amber - Kakheti, Georgia
Tuff - Rustavi, Imereti, Shida Kartli
Mineral waters and other
Mineral waters - almost every region of the
Thermal
Therapeutic mud - Akhtala (Kakheti)
Of boundaries [Edit]
The land border in the north - western part of the town of Kazbegi begin with. Then he goes Psou, which originates in the mountains agepstas. Coincides with the northern boundary of the watershed of the Caucasus mountain range. Vatsikparsi from the mountains of Mount shaviklde watershed north of the border crosses the glacier on the mountain's crest. Tinovroso eastern boundary starts from the mountain, runs into the river runs Alazani than 1 km will connect the river to the reservoir mingechauris. Georgia's southern border with the Black Sea coast, near the village of Sarpi. He runs, and then crosses the ridge north lazistanis dabloebas, and still is crossing Arsiani ridge along the flat registered in Javakheti - Armenian volcanic Mtianeti, lokis ridge, slope and Iori river Mtkvari. Universe of plants (flora) is rich and diverse. It counts about 13300 species, including plant belongs teslovan 4225, 75 - gvimriseburs, 600 - moss, 650 - mghierebs, 5000 - sokovnebsa and 2000 - although.
Of animals (fauna) diversity. There are 100 known species of mammals - up to 330 birds - more than 48 reptiles, 11 amphibians, 160 fish - up to thousands of species of animals and invertebrates, Georgia. Mixed, ნახევრადსაპრეზიდენტო republic. The head of state is the president, who is elected for a term of 5 years of direct rule. By the executive government, headed by Prime Minister - Minister. The country's highest legislative body is the unicameral Parliament (150 members), which is elected every four years by proportional and majoritarian system. In the governance of the type of transition. The 2013 constitutional amendment that would eventually be completed and signed by the conversion of a semi-presidential republic to a parliamentary republic.
Capital: Tbilisi.
State language: Georgian, Abkhazian Autonomous Republic - also Abkhazian.
National holiday: 26 June (1918), Independence Day (April 9, 1991, the Soviet Empire 70 - year rule after the March 31 general - based on the results of the referendum, the Supreme Council of the restoration of independence of the Act).
The main political parties (in alphabetical series):
Political movement "New Right" - David Gamkrelidze;
Unified National Movement - Chairman of the President;
Political Movement, "National Forum" - Chairman Kakhaber Shartava;
Political movement "Freedom" - the chairman of g. Gamsakhurdia;
Industry will Save Georgia - Gogi Chairman;
Political Movement "The Road" - Chairman of the Opposition;
Conservative Party of Georgia - Zviad Chairman;
Greens Party of Georgia - Chairman of the Opposition;
Labour Party - Chairman of the Labor Party;
The Republican Party - Chairman David Usupashvili;
Georgian dream - Democratic Georgia - Chairman of Bidzina Ivanishvili;
Christian - Democratic Movement - Chairman of the MP

Demography
Determination of the number of population census of the population is going through. 6 The description of the XX century in Georgia (the first - year 1926, the last in 1989). The first census was carried out in an independent Georgia in January of 2002.
According to the census of 1989 the population was 5,443,000 people, the year 2002 was 4,601,500. Apparently, the 13-year period decreased by one-fifth of the population. Recently, Georgia has complicated political events and socio - economic crisis has led to a significant part of the population for the country's borders. The shobadomam sharply reduced, and the death rate has increased in severe demographic problems. As to the proper people, the number of people in Georgia in 1989 equaled 3,787,000, which is 70,1% of the population - total. In 2002, the number of kartevlebis equaled 3,661,000, or 83.8% of the entire population. Georgians since 1989 till 2002, only 4% - of the population is reduced by the decrease mainly occurred at the expense of other nationalities. Since 2002, the population growth improved compared mgomareoba started. According to official data, in 2012, of an estimated population in areas controlled by the central government. 4,497 million - in total.
Ethnic composition (according to the results of the 2002 census): Georgians - 83.8%, Azeri - 6.5%, Armenians - 5.7%, Russians - 1.5%, Ossetians - 0.9%, Kurds - 0.4%, Greeks - 0.3%, Kist - 0.2%, Ukrainians - 0.2%, Abkhazians - 0.1%;
Religious composition (mainly the results of the 2002 census): Eastern Orthodox Christians - 84.00%, Muslims - 9.9%, Armenian grigorianelebi - 3.9%, Catholic - 0.8%, Kurds - 0.4%, Jews - 0.1%, nesterianelebi - 0.1% and others.
Big cities: Tbilisi - 1,162,400, Kutaisi - 194,700, Rustavi - 120,800, Batumi - 124,300, Sukhumi - 43.000, -49,500 Gori, Zugdidi - 84.000, Poti - 47.800, Tskhinvali - 7,000.
Architecture
Georgian architecture is characterized by great diversity and peculiarities. Each region had its own distinctive style of architecture and houses by the parties differed significantly from each other. This difference is gradually decreasing: in every region of widespread European style. However, the difference between the highland and lowland areas of the west and east of the least obvious.
East of the village is more compact and densely populated. Yards are small, and therefore the processing of land outside the village. In western Georgia, and residential and commercial buildings are much larger plots are together.
The houses are very different in different ethnic provinces. Svaneti and eastern parts of the Caucasus (in Tusheti, Pshav - Khevsureti) mostly stone and shale in prison - the houses in the village. The difference sakmaodaa Svan and Tush - arkitekturashi the local towers. The same regions are 2-4 storey houses chardakhiani, as well as one-storied storied houses with land flat roof (mainly Pshav Khevsureti). Shale-built houses, as a rule, dry (without the most important thing) tsqobisaa.
Eastern lowland and foothill area of ​​the main hall of the house type. One-story building made of stone and brick-built step - you gvirgviniseburi dome-like roof, which bolovdeboda erdoti - kvamlisa and light for the left hole. Apart from the hall, especially in the eastern part of the plain in some districts of Samtskhe - Javakheti was gatsrtselebuli mud brick houses - the depth of the cut and the roof Buildings kviskedlebiani.
Because of the high humidity in western Georgia and chaobianobis one or two-storey wooden houses mostly built of khaminjeb stood on the roof and qavris orperda or otkhperda you. Samegrelo and Abkhazia motsnuli widely distributed, with a straw type of closed houses - huts.
The second half of the XIX century, Georgia has established a new architectural style: two-story, რამდენიმეოთახიანი, panjrebiani and khisiatakiani houses that are open hearth instead of a amoshenebuli FIREPLACES. Stone and brick houses were built mostly in the eastern part of Georgia, West Georgia - with Wood. Gadasakhuravad mainly used for tile, Guria - Samegrelo and qavari. Has become an important element of the wooden balcony.
The second half of the XX century traditional architecture with modern European style to the place. Currently the main construction materials used for bricks, cement blocks, steel - Concrete and Iron. The difference between the different parts of the houses has been reduced to a minimum.
Kitchen table and Traditions
Georgian traditional cuisine in one - one of the richest in the world. National tansamlisa contrast, Georgian cuisine has been preserved not only, but also of widespread outside.
In the past, some of the angles between the sagrdzoni difference was classified. Currently, this difference was no longer available and widely disseminated in any part of the food, which has not been previously characterized.
Eastern lowland areas, mainly of wheat bread atskhobdnen (Shoti, lava), in the mountains of the barley khmiada | khmiadebs. Magivrobas corn and wheat in western Georgia that served as the main meal of the Mchadi (Imereti, Guria) or Ghomi (Samegrelo, Abkhazia) was. Bait and Imereti in western Georgia suluguni mainly obtained, while in eastern Georgia - Guda.
West Georgia is widely distributed in a variety of plant foods, which are nigvzita and saneleblebitaa mixed (different pkhaleuli). East of the food ration of meat bigger role.
As both eastern and western Georgia is widely spread beans, khachapuri, dip, fish, bun and various sauces. The main beverage in almost every corner of the wine. Only highland provinces, where the vineyards are not, vodka, wine and beer substitute.
Tradition of Georgian table is subjected to a strict schedule. Tamada or toast table of elements necessary for any parts. Festive feast of incredible songs, dances and jokes without. Tamada toast sequence dependent, although some differences were observed in the different provinces and between established traditions. In any instance, the First Toast mshvidobisaa, I will bless the house in the family. Last Toast saqvelatsmindoa eastern Georgia, Tusheti and Pshav - Khevsureti the table to pay special attention to the dead ancestors and Restoration toasts.
Armed Forces
The 2007 census registered 37,000 soldiers in the armed forces. Land Forces (35000), the military - Air Force (1300) Military - Naval forces (400). 60000 people enrolled in the reserve. Armed with the 235 - to tanks, 250 - to combat armored vehicles, 240 - more than a field artillery cannon volley fire rocket systems and mortars, 80 - to anti-aircraft rocket complexes, 15 planes and 50 helicopters, (as well as 40 units of unmanned aerial vehicles) , 25 patrol boats and small vessels. Armed Forces are composed of a mixed principle - compulsory conscription and contract basis. In 2007, the Ministry of Defence's budget has been allocated nearly $ 1 billion. Dollars.
Banking - Finance and Insurance Systems
The Patriot, Ilia Chavchavadze, the management of the estate satavadaznauro Bank, since 1883 the newspaper "Iveria» - In publishing these organizations, social work and contributions summary protocols (rubric of "domestic Overview»). The latter is the basis of the first Georgian bank - financial institution - the first public submission. The culture of banking services targeted at establishing issues in Georgia. ATS over the years, XX century 90 - ies, return to independence - until now, of bank - financial groups, their activities and achievements of one of the most important national treasures for a stable, state of the road.
Today, the economy is a strong commercial bank sector and banks' association:
Association of Banks of Georgia
Bank base
Bank Republic (Societe Generale Group)
Bank (formerly United Georgian Bank)
TBC Bank
Procreditbank
The Bank of Georgia
Peoples Bank
Silk Road Bank
Standard Bank
TAOPRIVATBANK
Creditors - depository institutions and financial - credit support programs:
Education Credit Union
Insurance system:
Insurance Association
Aldagi - B - C - I
G - P - A Holding
State institutions:
Ministry of Finance
The National Bank
October 28, 1990 in Georgia were the first multiparty and democratic parliamentary elections, the victory of the right-wing electoral bloc of political parties and organizations of the "Round Table - Free Georgia" (speaker: Zviad Gamsakhurdia). On November 14 of the same year, the first session of the newly elected Supreme Council unanimously elected chairman of the Supreme Council - Mr. Zviad K.. Gamsakhurdia (1939-1993). In the same session, the Republic was called "the Republic", approved a new state symbols and full restoration of state independence was declared in the transition period.
On 31 March 1991 in Georgia was universal - the referendum on the single question: "Do you want the Republic of Georgia on Independence of May 26, 1918 based on the act?" The positive response of the voting population is 98% - was among Abkhazians. Based on the results of the referendum, on April 9, 1991, the Supreme Council of the Republic of Georgia, "Georgia's independence from the Act." On the same day, the United States - House of Representatives of a resolution recognized the legitimacy of the referendum on March 31, which is independent of the de - facto recognition.
Military coup [Edit]
May 26, 1991, Zviad Gamsakhurdia won the first presidential election. As a result of the radical opposition, on 22 December 1991 in a military coup, which ended on January 6, 1992, the president of deportation from their homeland. Came to power in a military council, which has the same powers granted in March after. Sec. "State Council" -'s (Chairman: E.. Shevardnadze).
Eduard Shevardnadze regime was established in the country, the 12 - year rule was marked by gross and massive violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms, rghve the territorial integrity of the Russian military bases on the territory of legitimized, and so on. Sh. The president and his supporters against a criminal prosecution, prisons were dozens of political prisoners.
Georgia's national - liberation movement agorebam new powerful wave in 1988, after the declaration of independence by the strong reaction of the autonomous entities, which resulted in a civil armed conflict (1989-1993) and the separatist regimes in Abkhazia and so. Sec. South Ossetia (Shida Kartli). Zviad Gamsakhurdia returned home in September 1993 (from the Chechen capital arrived in Zugdidi) and tried to save and restore the legitimate government, but the. Shevardnadze was invited to the Russian Black Sea Fleet warships led by Admiral baltinis and Russia pledged to provide assistance in case of Commonwealth of Independent States - in the restaurant. This decided the fate of the president and his government. Samegrelo mountainous, forested estate in hiding, died of mysterious circumstances on December 31, 1993.
Protest Movement On 25 September 2007 the former Minister Okruashvili scandalous statements. Said about the atrocities committed by the President to the Minister at the time, leading to his arrest -2007 On September 27, he was created by the party - "United Georgia" in the office arrested. Ex - Minister of abuse of power and extortion charged. Then started an opposition against a wave of opposition to unite under the banner _ Georgia without .2 on a grand rally at the Parliament building, but on November 7, the demonstration violently dispersed the demonstration, then broke into the TV the TV and shut down the Channel 8 November he resigned and was appointed to the presidential elections held on January 5 .2008 52% of the votes in the elections - won by Mikheil Saakashvili, the same year 59% of the parliamentary elections - won by UNM.
Georgia - Russia's war [Edit]
Main articles: Russian - Georgian War (2008).
In August 2008, against open aggression by Russia, citing the protection of civilians in South Ossetia. Consequence of this war called Upper Abkhazia's Kodori Gorge, the valley and the Akhalgori lost.